Vulkan^® 1.1.114 - A Specification (with all published extensions)

Primitives are discarded before rasterization if the rasterizerDiscardEnable member of VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo is enabled. When enabled, primitives are discarded after they are processed by the last active shader stage in the pipeline before rasterization.

By default vertex data output from the last vertex processing stage are directed to vertex stream zero. Geometry shaders can emit primitives to multiple independent vertex streams. Each vertex emitted by the geometry shader is directed at one of the vertex streams. As vertices are received on each vertex stream, they are arranged into primitives of the type specified by the geometry shader output primitive type. The shading language instructions OpEndPrimitive and OpEndStreamPrimitive can be used to end the primitive being assembled on a given vertex stream and start a new empty primitive of the same type. An implementation supports up to VkPhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT::maxTransformFeedbackStreams streams, which is at least 1. The individual streams are numbered 0 through maxTransformFeedbackStreams minus 1. There is no requirement on the order of the streams to which vertices are emitted, and the number of vertices emitted to each vertex stream can be completely independent, subject only to the VkPhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT::maxTransformFeedbackStreamDataSize and VkPhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT::maxTransformFeedbackBufferDataSize limits. The primitives output from all vertex streams are passed to the transform feedback stage to be captured to transform feedback buffers in the manner specified by the last vertex processing stage shader’s XfbBuffer, XfbStride, and Offsets decorations on the output interface variables in the graphics pipeline. To use a vertex stream other than zero, or to use multiple streams, the GeometryStreams capability must be specified.

By default, the primitives output from vertex stream zero are rasterized. If the implementation supports the VkPhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT::transformFeedbackRasterizationStreamSelect property it is possible to rasterize a vertex stream other than zero.

By default, geometry shaders that emit vertices to multiple vertex streams are limited to using only the OutputPoints output primitive type. If the implementation supports the VkPhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT::transformFeedbackStreamsLinesTriangles property it is possible to emit OutputLineStrip or OutputTriangleStrip in addition to OutputPoints.

Within a subpass of a render pass instance, for a given (x,y,layer,sample) sample location, the following operations are guaranteed to execute in rasterization order, for each separate primitive that includes that sample location:

Each of these operations is atomically executed for each primitive and sample location.

Execution of these operations for each primitive in a subpass occurs in an order determined by the application.

Multisampling is a mechanism to antialias all Vulkan primitives: points, lines, and polygons. The technique is to sample all primitives multiple times at each pixel. Each sample in each framebuffer attachment has storage for a color, depth, and/or stencil value, such that per-fragment operations apply to each sample independently. The color sample values can be later resolved to a single color (see Resolving Multisample Images and the Render Pass chapter for more details on how to resolve multisample images to non-multisample images).

Vulkan defines rasterization rules for single-sample modes in a way that is equivalent to a multisample mode with a single sample in the center of each fragment.

Each fragment includes a coverage value with rasterizationSamples bits (see Sample Mask). Each fragment includes rasterizationSamples depth values and sets of associated data. An implementation may choose to assign the same associated data to more than one sample. The location for evaluating such associated data may be anywhere within the fragment area including the fragment’s center location (x_f,y_f) or any of the sample locations. When rasterizationSamples is VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, the fragment’s center location must be used. The different associated data values need not all be evaluated at the same location. Each fragment thus consists of integer x and y grid coordinates, rasterizationSamples depth values and sets of associated data, and a coverage value with rasterizationSamples bits.

It is understood that each pixel has rasterizationSamples locations associated with it. These locations are exact positions, rather than regions or areas, and each is referred to as a sample point. The sample points associated with a pixel must be located inside or on the boundary of the unit square that is considered to bound the pixel. Furthermore, the relative locations of sample points may be identical for each pixel in the framebuffer, or they may differ.

If the render pass has a fragment density map attachment, each fragment only has rasterizationSamples locations associated with it regardless of how many pixels are covered in the fragment area. Fragment sample locations are defined as if the fragment had an area of (1,1) and its sample points must be located within these bounds. Their actual location in the framebuffer is calculated by scaling the sample location by the fragment area. Attachments with storage for multiple samples per pixel are located at the pixel sample locations. Otherwise, the fragment’s sample locations are generally used for evaluation of associated data and fragment operations.

If the current pipeline includes a fragment shader with one or more variables in its interface decorated with Sample and Input, the data associated with those variables will be assigned independently for each sample. The values for each sample must be evaluated at the location of the sample. The data associated with any other variables not decorated with Sample and Input need not be evaluated independently for each sample.

If the standardSampleLocations member of VkPhysicalDeviceLimits is VK_TRUE, then the sample counts VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT, and VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT have sample locations as listed in the following table, with the ith entry in the table corresponding to bit i in the sample masks. VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT and VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT do not have standard sample locations. Locations are defined relative to an origin in the upper left corner of the fragment.

Color images created with multiple samples per pixel use a compression technique where there are two arrays of data associated with each pixel. The first array contains one element per sample where each element stores an index to the second array defining the fragment mask of the pixel. The second array contains one element per color fragment and each element stores a unique color value in the format of the image. With this compression technique it is not always necessary to actually use unique storage locations for each color sample: when multiple samples share the same color value the fragment mask may have two samples referring to the same color fragment. The number of color fragments is determined by the samples member of the VkImageCreateInfo structure used to create the image. The VK_AMD_shader_fragment_mask device extension provides shader instructions enabling the application to get direct access to the fragment mask and the individual color fragment values.

The shading rate image feature allows pipelines to use a shading rate image to control the fragment area and the minimum number of fragment shader invocations launched for each fragment. When the shading rate image is enabled, the rasterizer determines a base shading rate for each region of the framebuffer covered by a primitive by fetching a value from the shading rate image and translating it to a shading rate using a per-viewport shading rate palette. This base shading rate is then adjusted to derive a final shading rate, which specifies the fragment area and fragment shader invocation count to use for fragments generated in the region.

When the shading rate image is enabled in the current pipeline, rasterizing a primitive covering the pixel with coordinates (x,y) will fetch a shading rate index value from the shading rate image bound by vkCmdBindShadingRateImageNV. If the shading rate image view has a type of VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D, the lookup will use texel coordinates (u,v) where \(u = \lfloor \frac{x}{twidth} \rfloor\), \(v = \lfloor \frac{y}{theight} \rfloor\), and \(twidth\) and \(theight\) are the width and height of the implementation-dependent shading rate texel size. If the shading rate image view has a type of VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D_ARRAY, the lookup will use texel coordinates (u,v) to extract a texel from the layer l, where l is the layer of the framebuffer being rendered to. If l is greater than or equal to the number of layers in the image view, layer zero will be used.

If the bound shading rate image view is not VK_NULL_HANDLE and contains a texel with coordinates (u,v) in layer l (if applicable), the single unsigned integer component for that texel will be used as the shading rate index. If the (u,v) coordinate is outside the extents of the subresource used by the shading rate image view, or if the image view is VK_NULL_HANDLE, the shading rate index is zero. If the shading rate image view has multiple mipmap levels, the base level identified by VkImageSubresourceRange::baseMipLevel will be used.

A shading rate index is mapped to a base shading rate using a lookup table called the shading rate image palette. There is a separate palette for each viewport. The number of entries in each palette is given by the implementation-dependent shading rate image palette size.

To determine the base shading rate image, a shading rate index i is mapped to array element i in the array pShadingRatePaletteEntries for the palette corresponding to the viewport used for the fragment. If i is greater than or equal to the palette size shadingRatePaletteEntryCount, the base shading rate is undefined.

When the shading rate image is disabled, a shading rate of VK_SHADING_RATE_PALETTE_ENTRY_1_INVOCATION_PER_PIXEL_NV will be used as the base shading rate.

Once a base shading rate has been established, it is adjusted to produce a final shading rate. First, if the base shading rate uses multiple pixels for each fragment, the implementation may reduce the fragment area to ensure that the total number of coverage samples for all pixels in a fragment does not exceed an implementation-dependent maximum.

If sample shading is active in the current pipeline and would result in processing n (n > 1) unique samples per fragment when the shading rate image is disabled, the shading rate is adjusted in an implementation-dependent manner to increase the number of fragment shader invocations spawned by the primitive. If the shading rate indicates fs pixels per fragment and fs is greater than n, the fragment area is adjusted so each fragment has approximately \(fs \over n\) pixels. Otherwise, if the shading rate indicates ipf invocations per fragment, the fragment area will be adjusted to a single pixel with approximately \(ipf \times n \over fs\) invocations per fragment.

If sample shading occurs due to the use of a fragment shader input variable decorated with SampleId or SamplePosition, the shading rate is ignored. Each fragment will have a single pixel and will spawn up to totalSamples fragment shader invocations, as when using sample shading without a shading rate image.

Finally, if the shading rate specifies multiple fragment shader invocations per fragment, the total number of invocations in the shading rate is clamped to be no larger than the value of totalSamples used for sample shading.

When the final shading rate for a primitive covering pixel (x,y) has a fragment area of \(fw \times fh\), the fragment for that pixel will cover all pixels with coordinates (x',y') that satisfy the equations:

This combined fragment is considered to have multiple coverage samples; the total number of samples in this fragment is given by \(samples = fw \times fh \times rs\) where rs indicates the value of VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::rasterizationSamples specified at pipeline creation time. The set of coverage samples in the fragment is the union of the per-pixel coverage samples in each of the fragment’s pixels The location and order of coverage samples within each pixel in the combined fragment are assigned as described in Multisampling and Custom Sample Locations. Each coverage sample in the set of pixels belonging to the combined fragment is assigned a unique sample number in the range [0,samples-1]. If the shadingRateCoarseSampleOrder feature is supported, the order of coverage samples can be specified for each combination of fragment area and coverage sample count. If this feature is not supported, the sample order is implementation-dependent.

When using a coarse sample order of VK_COARSE_SAMPLE_ORDER_TYPE_PIXEL_MAJOR_NV for a fragment with an upper-left corner of \((fx,fy)\) with a width of \(fw \times fh\) and \(fsc\) coverage samples per pixel, sample \(cs\) of the fragment will be assigned to sample \(fs\) of pixel \((px,py)\) will be assigned as follows:

When using a coarse sample order of VK_COARSE_SAMPLE_ORDER_TYPE_SAMPLE_MAJOR_NV, sample \(cs\) will be assigned as follows:

If the final shading rate for a primitive covering pixel (x,y) results in n invocations per pixel (n > 1), n separate fragment shader invocations will be generated for the fragment. Each coverage sample in the fragment will be assigned to one of the n fragment shader invocations in an implementation-dependent manner. The outputs from the fragment output interface of each shader invocation will be broadcast to all of the framebuffer samples associated with the invocation. If none of the coverage samples associated with a fragment shader invocation is covered by a primitive, the implementation may discard the fragment shader invocation for those samples.

If the final shading rate for a primitive covering pixel (x,y) results in a fragment containing multiple pixels, a single set of fragment shader invocations will be generated for all pixels in the combined fragment. Outputs from the fragment output interface will be broadcast to all covered framebuffer samples belonging to the fragment. If the fragment shader executes code discarding the fragment, none of the samples of the fragment will be updated.

Sample shading can be used to specify a minimum number of unique samples to process for each fragment. If sample shading is enabled an implementation must provide a minimum of max(⌈ minSampleShadingFactor × totalSamples ⌉, 1) unique associated data for each fragment, where minSampleShadingFactor is the minimum fraction of sample shading. If the VK_AMD_mixed_attachment_samples extension is enabled and the subpass uses color attachments, totalSamples is the number of samples of the color attachments. Otherwise, totalSamples is the value of VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::rasterizationSamples specified at pipeline creation time. These are associated with the samples in an implementation-dependent manner. When minSampleShadingFactor is 1.0, a separate set of associated data are evaluated for each sample, and each set of values is evaluated at the sample location.

Sample shading is enabled for a graphics pipeline:

Otherwise, sample shading is considered disabled.

When the fragmentShaderBarycentric feature is enabled, the PerVertexNV interpolation decoration can be used with fragment shader inputs to indicate that the decorated inputs do not have associated data in the fragment. Such inputs can only be accessed in a fragment shader using an array index whose value (0, 1, or 2) identifies one of the vertices of the primitive that produced the fragment.

When tessellation, geometry shading, and mesh shading are not active, fragment shader inputs decorated with PerVertexNV will take values from one of the vertices of the primitive that produced the fragment, identified by the extra index provided in SPIR-V code accessing the input. If the n vertices passed to a draw call are numbered 0 through n-1, and the point, line, and triangle primitives produced by the draw call are numbered with consecutive integers beginning with zero, the following table indicates the original vertex numbers used for index values of 0, 1, and 2. If an input decorated with PerVertexNV is accessed with any other vertex index value, the value obtained is undefined.

When geometry or mesh shading is active, primitives processed by fragment shaders are assembled from the vertices emitted by the geometry or mesh shader. In this case, the vertices used for fragment shader inputs decorated with PerVertexNV are derived by treating the primitives produced by the shader as though they were specified by a draw call and consulting the table above.

When using tessellation without geometry shading, the tessellator produces primitives in an implementation-dependent manner. While there is no defined vertex ordering for inputs decorated with PerVertexNV, the vertex ordering used in this case will be consistent with the ordering used to derive the values of inputs decorated with code::BaryCoordNV or code::BaryCoordNoPerspNV.

Fragment shader inputs decorated with BaryCoordNV or BaryCoordNoPerspNV hold three-component vectors with barycentric weights that indicate the location of the fragment relative to the screen-space locations of vertices of its primitive. For point primitives, such variables are always assigned the value (1,0,0). For line primitives, the built-ins are obtained by interpolating an attribute whose values for the vertices numbered 0 and 1 are (1,0,0) and (0,1,0), respectively. For polygon primitives, the built-ins are obtained by interpolating an attribute whose values for the vertices numbered 0, 1, and 2 are (1,0,0), (0,1,0), and (0,0,1), respectively. For BaryCoordNV, the values are obtained using perspective interpolation. For BaryCoordNoPerspNV, the values are obtained using linear interpolation.

A point is drawn by generating a set of fragments in the shape of a square centered around the vertex of the point. Each vertex has an associated point size that controls the width/height of that square. The point size is taken from the (potentially clipped) shader built-in PointSize written by:

and clamped to the implementation-dependent point size range [pointSizeRange[0],pointSizeRange[1]]. The value written to PointSize must be greater than zero.

Not all point sizes need be supported, but the size 1.0 must be supported. The range of supported sizes and the size of evenly-spaced gradations within that range are implementation-dependent. The range and gradations are obtained from the pointSizeRange and pointSizeGranularity members of VkPhysicalDeviceLimits. If, for instance, the size range is from 0.1 to 2.0 and the gradation size is 0.1, then the size 0.1, 0.2, …​, 1.9, 2.0 are supported. Additional point sizes may also be supported. There is no requirement that these sizes be equally spaced. If an unsupported size is requested, the nearest supported size is used instead.

Further, if the render pass has a fragment density map attachment, point size may be rounded by the implementation to a multiple of the fragment’s width or height.

A line is drawn by generating a set of fragments overlapping a rectangle centered on the line segment. Each line segment has an associated width that controls the width of that rectangle.

Not all line widths need be supported for line segment rasterization, but width 1.0 antialiased segments must be provided. The range and gradations are obtained from the lineWidthRange and lineWidthGranularity members of VkPhysicalDeviceLimits. If, for instance, the size range is from 0.1 to 2.0 and the gradation size is 0.1, then the size 0.1, 0.2, …​, 1.9, 2.0 are supported. Additional line widths may also be supported. There is no requirement that these widths be equally spaced. If an unsupported width is requested, the nearest supported width is used instead.

Further, if the render pass has a fragment density map attachment, line width may be rounded by the implementation to a multiple of the fragment’s width or height.

A polygon results from the decomposition of a triangle strip, triangle fan or a series of independent triangles. Like points and line segments, polygon rasterization is controlled by several variables in the VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo structure.